ICJ Rules States Must Act on Climate or Face Legal Risk

In a landmark opinion, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) declared that governments are under binding international legal obligations to address climate change, and that failing to do so constitutes a “wrongful act.”

While the advisory opinion is non-binding, it carries significant legal and moral weight and could reshape global climate litigation. The ruling, requested by the United Nations and driven by Pacific island nations like Vanuatu, opens the possibility for developing countries to seek reparations from major polluters for damage linked to greenhouse gas emissions.

The ICJ also affirmed that climate change poses “an urgent and existential threat” and could significantly harm fundamental human rights such as the right to life, clean water, and health. More than 100 nations contributed to the largest climate case in the court’s history.

Legal experts say the opinion could influence national courts and boost accountability for historical emitters while placing fresh diplomatic pressure on wealthier countries.

While the U.S. gave a muted response, France and other nations hailed the decision as a win for climate justice.